TATE GNLOGICAL SURVES. 


Se iF 


Bulletin No. 38 May 10, 1922. 


Kass 7 
39.65)4: COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 
bul 38 


DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS 
James F. Woodward, Secretary 


BUREAU OF TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
George H. Ashley, State Geologist 





COAL BEDS IN ARMSTRONG GOUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA 
By 


J. D. Sigler 


Introduction, 


Armstrong County ranks ninth in Pennsylvenie as a producer of 
bituminous coal. In 1918 the total output was 6,051,755 tons, 
Valued at $17,948,429; 5,674,245 tons, velued at 316,959,624, were 
loaded at the mines for shipment. The quantity sold to local trade 
and used by employees wes 118,937 tons, valucd at $274,010; 258,571 
tons were used at the mines for steam and heat, valued at 8714 ,795. 


After the high volatile coals of the Irwin basin have been ex- 
hausted, Armstrong County will become one of the foremost producers 
of bituminous coal in Pennsylvania. It contains larger reserves of 
easily accessible high volatile coal than any other county in the 
State. These coals are very high in sulphur, but when viashed they 
make excellent gas coal. Large arcas of cocl are ummined end even 
untested by outcrop prospects or core drill. The coals are regular 
in thickness, vniform in quality, and can be ecasily mined by drift 
or slope at most every point. 


There are about twenty coel beds in Armstrong County, two of 
which, the Upper Freeport and the Lower Kittanning, have great value 


in large areas. The Upper Kittenning, Lower Freeport and Pittsburgh 


beds are mineable in more restricted areas. Several other beds are 
locally minesble; the remainder have no economic importance at present 
and only prospective future value. 


Armstrong County lies northeast of Pittsburgh on allegheny River. 
It is bounded on the north by Clarion County, on the east by Jeffer- 
son and Indiana counties, on the south by Westmoreland County, and on 
the west by Butler County. Its greatest width is 25 miles near the 









































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northern edge, and its greatest length is 34g miles on the western 
ooOundary,. Its area is about 633 squere miles, end its popviation in 
1920 was 75,568. 


Coal transportation is almost entirely by railroad. The Alle- 
gheny iver Division of the Pennsylvania hKailroad follows the east 
benk of Allegheny . River across the county. «A branch of this rail- 
roed leaving the main line at Red Bank follows Redbank Creek on its 
Clarion County side, and serves mines along the north boundary of 
Armstrong County. A short branch in the southwestern corner of the 
county serves the Big Buffalo Creek area, The Pittsburgh and Shiu. - 
mut nailroad follows the west bank of the Allsgheny es far north «s 
Mahoning Creek; it crosses the river there, and follows Mehoning 
Creek into Jefferson County. The Baltimore and Ohio, and the alle- 
gheny River nReilroads heve a few miles of treck in the northwestern 
tip of the county. The Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Reilroad 
crosses the county from Creigsville to Dayton. 


The highways are practically all dirt, the mein travelled ones 
being kept in very good condition. In the unscttled parts of the 
county the roads are bad even in summer, The improvec roads cre 
confined aimost entirely to the valley of Allegheny River, and are 
the only ones used for coal transportation, 


The surface of Armstrong County is decidedly hilly. The velleys 
are narrow, with precipitous sides, and nerrow flood plains. Large 
areas of flat or gently sloping lend formn the more elevated parts 
of the surface and ere remnants of 014 ponepleins. Allegheny River 
vaillcy is for the most pert narrow, with steep sloves, and very 
nirrow flood plains. 


STRUCTURE. 


There are eleven major structural features in the county, each 
having 2 general northeast-southwest trend, They ere as follows, in 
order from southcast to northwest: Elders Ridge syncline, Dutch Run 
anticline, hoecring Run anticline, Apollo synclinc, Greendale eanti- 
cline, Brookville anticline, Fairmont -syncline, McHaddon syneline, 
Boggsville syncline, Kollersburg anticline, Bredys Bend syneline. 


The western flank of the Elders Kidge syncline lies on the 
southeastern county boundery, This deep besin brings the Pittsburgh 
coal to outcrop on the Armstrong-Indiane county line. The rocks rise 
regularly and rapidly northwest. 


Ro@ring kun anticline enters the county between Apollo and Avon- 
more, and extends northeast to Yatesboro, where it flettens out and 
disappears.. It is a broad, flat enticline, with gentle slopes. The 
exis varies in clevation, end is double for about four miles where 
it crosses Crooked Creek noar Girty. 


Dutch kun anticline is a small foldé with gently sloping flenks, 
lying just east of Dutch Run near the southeastern county linc. It 
may be considered a spur of the Roaring Run anticline. 


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Apollo syneline lies northwest of Roaring hun enticline end 
extends through Cochran Mills to a point one mile south of Yatesboro 
It is a nerrow, shellow basin, with its exis dipping northeast to it: 
lowest point on North Branch; from there it rises again until it 
merges with Ronring Run enticline south of Yatesboro, 


Greendale anticline, lying northwest of Roaring Run anticline, 
extends between Crooked Creek and Mahoning Creck, and passes through 
Greendale, Its axis is irregular in elevation and direction, The 
rocks dip regularly on both flanks, the greatest dips being just 
north of Buffalo Creek, 


The southern tip of Brookville anticline extends southwest to 
Mahoning Creek in the northeastern part of the county. Its axis 
plunges regularly to 2 point near Putneyville, where it merges with 
Fairmont syncline. 


Fairmont syncline, lying northwest of Greendale anticline, is a 
broed basin, the axis of which dips to the southwest. The rocks rise 
rapidly on both flenks, 


McHaddon anticline is a small fold running parallel to Allegheny 
univer just west of Ford City and Kittanning. Its axis is nearly 
ievel, and the rocks dip gently on both flenks. 


Boggsville syncline, lying northwest of McHaddon enticline, 
aa from Big Buffeio Creek to a point northwest of Kittanning 
ar Allegheny River. It is e broad basin with the axis dipping 
iesbne at. The rocks rise rapidly northwest to the Kellersburg anti- 
cline. 


Kellersburg anticline is the most pronounced fold in the county. 
It enters the county from the west near Winfield end extends north- 
east near Creigsville, Mahoning and Kellersburg. The axis rises to 
@ point midway between Browns Crossroads and Cowansville, where the 
rocks dip to the north, west, and south. The rocks begin to rise 
again at Allegheny River, and the decp channel of Redbank Creek 
exposes the Pocono sandstone. 


Bradys Bend syncline enters the county two miles southwest of 
Somervilic, and extends northeast to the Allegheny. It is a broad 
flat basin with extremely gentle dips on its flanks. 


STRATIGRAPHY, 


The outcropping rocks of Armstrong County belong to the Quater- 
nary system, and to the Pennsylvanian and Mississippian series of the 
Carboniferous system, The Monongahela, Conemaugh, Allegheny and 
Pottsville formations alone are coel bearing. 


The Quaternary system is composed of (1) recent deposits of 
alluvium in the valleys’, (2) gravel and silt of glacial origin, (3. 
the Carmichaels formation composed of thin deposits of elluvium anc 


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stream-worn material on the terraces along allegheny River. 


The Monongahela formation has been entirely eroded, except in 
the southeasterm corner of the county, where the lower part is pre- 
served in the hills along the county line, Two hundred and sixteen 
fect of strata remain above the Pittsburgh coal, chiefly limestones, 
Sandy shales, sandstones and thin coal beds. 


The Conemaugh formetion is present in the southern two-thirds 
of the county except where streams have erocec it. The upper part 
of this formation has been eroded over lerge areas. The total thick- 
ness of the formetion is about 650 feet, and it is composed largely 
of shales, a few limestones and severel massive sandstones, 


The Allegheny formetion, composed of shales, massive sandstones, 
thin limestones, and several workable coal beds, remains almost 
intact. 


The Pottsville formation is exposed on the Allegheny anc its 
chief tributaries from Templeton to the northern county line. It is 
composed of two massive sandstones with shele between them. Its 
total thickness is about 140 feet. 


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| COAL BEDS. 
The following table shows the stratigraphic relation of the coal 
beds and their renge in thickness. 


Coal Beds in Armstrong County 








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Renge in 
Range in thisknegs 
Name of bed interval Ov coas veds 
(Sewickley -- ----- en ih! op rae gated rede mee 
( 80 | 
Monongahela (Redstone - ---+--+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+--+-+-+- 6" - 20" 
40 
(Pittsburgh <2 - ew ee ee ee eee 6% ~ lotro" 
( 490 
(Bakerstown - ----+-++-+-+-+-+-- ee ene Pe al he 
( 70 
Poremeuen © § (Brush Oreck - ~ += = - - -- =--+---+- LA PNT ORE LA ot 
( 40 
(Mahoning - - ----+-+-+-+++-+-e-e0- Lise entation) (mig 
( 50 
(Upper Freeport ("BE") - ---.- Sse tN, tw re vege) ty ag et 
( 35-55 
(Lower Freeport ("D") - - -----+---- a ae 
( 40-50 : 
(Upper Kittaming ("C0 ") ----+-+-+-+-+-+- Levee Leto" 
( 45-55 
(Middle Kittanning ("CC") ----+-+-+-+-+-- Tie ton 
Allegheny § ( 40-70 
(Lower Kittanning ("B") - - -----+---- ace OY 
70-90 
PCMag rapa ti Wine WY att ieee Dee ant Ol he ane Oi rena O = 35" 
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(Craigsville - <«----+-+ +--+- LR RE TG Rear Ys 
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The Lower Kittanning erd Uprer Freeport are the important coais 
of the county. The Upper Kittanning, Tower Freeport and Pittsburg: 
beds are mined locally, Several. other beds are mined for local use, 
and many others average only a few inclkes thick. 


Brookville ("A") coal. This bead lies about 20 feet above the 
Homewood sandstone, and outcrops only along A*legheny River and ivs 
tributaries. In general the bec is lerbicular end extremely variable 
in quality; locally it is thick and the quality is good. The coal is 
hard, lustrous and splintery. It is mined at many country banks for 
local use and one shipping mine near Red Bank is thought to be on the 
Brookville bed. On Mahoning Cxeek the bed. ara Syomn 2 to 4 feet 
thick, but the coal is in two benches, separat a Sneale parting 
2 %0 8 inches thick, Outcrops cf the bed on oy ai arid 
Cowanshannock creeks indicate that it is inte 

Buffalo Mills the bed is 3 feet 2 inches thic 

partings, and is valuable only as a scurce of Iccal fuel. On Rough 
Run the coal is 2 feet 6 inches thick, inclusineg two 1 inch bone parte 
ings. It is reported to be 3 feet 2 juanes thick in West Franklin 
tovnship. The bed is deev under cover in most of the southern part 
of the county, but drillings indicate that it is too variable in 
thickness and quality to make mining of it profitabie. 


Yn Qu 25 Fa oa by At 


ut, has maul hae shale 


Craigsville coal. This bed, lying 20 to 35 feet above the 
Brookville, is a local occurrence and has a maximum thic!mess of 3 
-set on Buffalo Creek, two miles northwest of Craigsville. It is 
~oported to be 3 fect. 6 inches thick half a mile northwest of Cra 
ville. It is a very, good clean coal, but lenticuler and subject 
wraol solis.™ 


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Clarion ("A'") coal. This bed, lying ebout 75 feet above the 
Homewood sandstone, is thickest on the Allegheny north of Mahoning 
Creek, Here it ranzes from 3 feet to 4 feet\8 inclkes thick, but is 
very pyritous and carries many bone and Betis partings. At Parkes 
City a 1 inch shale parting separates the bed into a 9 inch top Dench 
and 2 lower bench 2 feet 8 inches thick, It is a hard compact ¢co2., 
high in ash and suiphur,. At the mouth of Mahoning Creek it ranges 
from 6 inches to 2 feet thick. At Buffalo Mills it is persistent end 
is 24 to 30 inches thick. The Clarion coal is worthless in the ° 
vicinity of Kittanning, On Rough Run it is 2 feet 6 inches thick, 
including two 1 inch shale partings, It is mineeble at Wess Wisfield 
and is 2 feet 6 inches thick at Pat rmount. The coal is very thin or 
entirely lacking at 211 other localities. 


Lower Kittennirg ("BY") coal, This bed, lying 120 to 140 fee 
above the Brookviiie coal is one of the chief sources of sree et 
coal in the county, It is the most important codl in the nox‘hera 
half of the county, especially west of a line drawn from Kelicrsburg 
to Kittanning. Within that aren it is nearly everywhere over 2 feet 
6 inches thick, averaging 3 feet 6 inches, and is logaliy 5 feet 
thick, lLocally it has many bone partings and is high in sulphur, 

The bed probably is mineable in the whole ares 

At Kittanning the bed is 3 feet 6 inches thick, has 3 to 4 iuches 
of bony coal at the top, and carries small lenses of py se STNG At 
-ovanshamnock it is 3-feet thick, not including 4 inches of bone con. 
at the top, and carries no partings; at Mosgrove 3 feet 11 inches 


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thick, not including 4 inches of bono coal at the top; at Rimerton 
S fect 6 inches, with the characteristic bone coal at the top. In 
Madison township the bed averages 3 feet 8 inches, with about 5 
inches of bone coal-at the top. There are no partings, but the coal 
carries small lenses of pyrite. The bed thins to an average of 2 
feet 6 inches in Mahoning and Red Bank townships, although a local 
thickness of 4 feet is not uncommon. There are no cheracteristic . 
pertings or binders, but numerous small lenses of pyrite make the 
sulphur content high, 


The average thickness of the coel in Wayne township is 3 feet 
and the maximum is 5 feet. Partings or binders are rare, The coal 
thins to 2 feet 6 inches in the eastern part of Pine and Boggs town- 
ships, but thickens westward to the Allegheny. The bed probably is 
thickest in the northern part of East Franklin towship and in Wash- 
ington township, averaging 3 fect 9 inches, It thins northward into 
Bradys Bend and Perry townships’, where its average thickness is about 
& feet 6 inches, A bone coal averaging 4 inches thick is inveriably 
present at the top of the bed, Opposite Rod Bank the bed is divided 
into an upper bench 4 inches thick, and a lower one 3 feet thick, by 
Oo 1 inch bone and pyrite parting. Near Rimer the bed is 3 feet 2 
inches thick, with 4 inches of bone corel at the top. Opposite Mose 
grove it is 3 feet thick including = 1 inch parting 4 inches from the 
top; at Furnace Run 3 feet 3 inches with the same parting. The coal 
probably thins to the western boundary of the county, In Reyburn and 
Velley townships the coal averages 3 feet thick, It varies greatly — 
iu: thickness in the townships elong the Allegheny south of Kittanning, 
mt will average 3 feet, including a 1 inch bone parting about 4 
inches from the top of the bed, The cool is deep under cover in most 
of the southeastem townships’, and little is known of its thickness 
and quality. Bore hole records indicate thet it is lenticular, and 
ronges from 12 inches to 3 feet 8 inches thick. 


The Lower Kittanning coal averzges 37.5 per cent voletile 
matter, 50 per cent fixed carbon, 3.5 per cent sulphur ond 8 per cent 
ash, The cosl is bright, and has columnar cleavage. It is soft, but 
mines out in fair sized lumps. The percentage of slack is rather 
large. With the exhaustion of the highevolatile coals of the Irwin 
basin, in Westmoreland and Fayette counties, the Lower Kittanning 
coal of Armstrong County will be used extensively for gas manufecture. 
It will be necessary to pick and wash the coal to attain the ex- 
cellent quality of the coals now mined in the Irwin besin, 


Middle Kittanning ("C") coal. This bed lies 45 to 55 feet above 
the Lower Kittanning cool. It is persistent in the county, but rarely 
is thick enough to be mined profitably. The coel is clean and 
avereges about 12 inches thick. One mile west of Cowansville it is 
2 feet thick where exposed by stripping. The same thickness is indi- 
cated by its outcrops on Allegheny River, Mahoning and Red Bank 
creeks, Its blossom again shows in the vicinity of Sherrett, Morrows 
Corner and Adrian. One mile south of Mahoning Furnace the bed is. 
about 2 fect 3 inches thick. In the southern and central parts of 
the county it averages less then 12 inches, but in the northeastern 
part of the county it is persistent, cnd locelly is mineable, On the 


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North Fork of Pine Creek the coal is 2 feet thick where stripped, 
and a mile farther up the creek is 3 feet thick. ~The coal has been 
mined near Echo. On the South Fork of Pine Creek, two miles above 
Echo where the railroad crosses North Branch the Middle Kittanning 
coal is 2 feet 8 inches thick.: Two miles further up the creek in an 
old opening it is 5 feet thick, bvt is very dirty and high in sul- 
phur. The bed has the same character at Waltersonville. 


Upper Kittanning ("c4r) coal. The Upper Kittanning coal, 
lying about 5 feet above the Middle Kittanning bed, is not a typ- 
ical high volatile coal. Locally, especially in the northeastern 
part of the county, some of the bed is cannel coal, The coal cccurs 
in long narrow troughs, evidently old stream channels. In these 
troughs the lower part of the bed, usvally about 2 feet thick, is 
overlain by cannel coal, which is 5 to 13 feet thick in the axis of 
the trough, but thins to a feather edge on both sides. The average 
width of the mineable coal area is usvally not over 600 to 800 feet. 
Unlike typical camel, this coal, instead of having 45 per cent or 
more of volatile hydrocarbons, and a less amount of fixed carbon, 
has about 14 times more fixed carbon than volatile matter, It is 
also very high in ash. 


The bed is mineable ‘in the vicinity of Sherrett and Peach Hill, 
at Somerville, at Kaylor, and possibly also on Cove Run. At Somer- 
ville the coal and cannel shale is 13 feet thick in the center of a 
trough. ‘The coal is thickest and best in Mahoning and Redbank town- 
Ships, where it occurs in several apparently isolated deposits of 
unusual thickness. It consists of cannek coal and bituminous coal 
in two to four benches. On Cathcart Run, and in other localities 
between Putneyville and South Bethlehem, the bed is locaily 15 feet 
vnick and is composed of four bencles, two of bituminous, and two of 
Cannel coal. On the east side of Little Mudlick Creek, the Upper 
Kittanning coal has a maximum thickness of 13 feet 11 inches, 8 
feet of which is cannel coal. In the Pine Creek region the coal has 
a persistent thickness of about:2 feet 9 inches. It was once mined 
on the South Fork of Pine Creek, near Pine Furnace, am is 2 feet 
8 inches thick. Farther up Pine Creek, on the road to Goheenville, 
the coal measures 2 feet; at Echo, 2 feet 6 inches, and on Cowan- 
shannock Creek 12 inches to 3 feet. The Upper Kittanning coal is 
thin on Kiskiminitas River. It is 2 feet thick at Girty, and 
Cochran Mills on Crooked Creek. On Cherry and Carnahan's kun the 
bed has a maximum thickness of 35 feet, Mt averages much less. 


The Upper Kittanning coal is used only for local fuel. large 
operations have failed because the extreme irregularity of the bed 
makes mining unprofitable. 





Lower Freeport ("D") coal. The Lower Freeport coal nomally 
lies 55 to 55 feet above the Upper Kittanning coal. The interval is 
exceedingly variable on Allegheny River, and has led to an evident 
confusion of these two beds especially in the vicinity of Freeport. 
This problem must remain unsolved until more detailed work has been 
done in that area, 


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The Lower Freeport coal is extremely variable in thickness wes. 
of Allegheny River ani is mined only for local use. At Cowansville 
and southward along Glade and Limestone Runs and along the Allegheny 
the bed is locally 3 feet thick. The coal is persistent-‘east of 
Allegheny River. Where mineable it is 2 to 4 feet thick, and is a 
bright clean coal. In Madison, Mahoning and Redbank townships the 
coal has a local maximum thickness of 4 feet 6 inches. In several 
areas the coal averages 3 feet thick, Locally a 2 inch bony parting, 
high in sulphur, divides the bed into two benches, in Pine, Beggs, 
Wayne , Valley and Rayburn townships the coal has a local maximun 
thickness of 3 feet, but averages much less. It averages 2 feet 


_ thick in the southern part of the county and on the Kiskiminitas. 


On Cowanshannock Creek the bed has fair thickness and the coal 
is clean. It is mined principally for local use. At Yatesboro the 
bed is 4 feet 6 inches thick, including a local 2 inch shale parting. 
On the South Fork of Pine Creek it is from 2 feet to 2 feet 6 inches 
thick. On the North Fork of Pine Creek, its average thickness is 
el inches, with a maximum of 2 feet 6 inches. It is thin’ on Mahoning 
Creek, but north of Putneyville it is nearly 4 feet thick, including 
“29: thkek bone partings near the roof and the bottom. The bed is : 
“eet 10 inches thick on Redbank Creek. A 3 inch bony parting 
eparates an upper beitch 16 inches thick from a lower one 2 feet 3 
anches‘thick. At South Bethlehem it ranges from 3 feet 6 inches to 
6 feet, but the coal is locally extremely shaly, and carries much 
pyrite. 


The Lower “Freeport coal averages about 33.5 per cent volatile 
matter, 52 per cent fixed carbon, 8 per cent‘ash, and 2.5 per cen* 
Sulphur. It is a typical high volatile coal, and after the thicker 
and more persistent beds have been exhausted will have much value for 
gas manufacture. 


Upper Freeport ("E") coal. This bed, lying between 35 and 55 


feet above the Lower Freeport coal, is of great economic importance 


in the county. In the northwestern part of the county it ranks next 
to the Lower Kittanning, underlies large areas and has a maximum 
thickness of 4 feet. Although it is locally thin and dirty it 
averages over 3 feet thick. In the eastern and northeastern part of 
the county the Upper Freeport is the most important coal. It is very 


‘persistent, but in a few places is too thin to mine. In the southern 


part of the county it is known as the "four foot coal", although it 
will average only 3 feet 3 inches thick. A maximum thickness of 4 
feet 6 inches iS Uncommon, 


‘In the vicinity of Bradys Bend and Queenstown the Upper Freeport 
bed is divided into four benches by shale and bone partings that 


lessen its value. The bed averages 2 feet 9 inches thick, and is a 
bright, good coal. Locally it is more than 4 feet thick. At Karus 


a is 5 feet thick; above the railroad tunnel on Long Run 4 feet & 
inches; half a mile east of Penelton 3:‘feet 9 inches; at Bradys Bend 
i feet 2 inches; at Leet, 4 feet thick, but very impure. It’‘is 3 
feet 9 inches thick at Sherrett. It is mined at Cowansville, where 
it averages 3 feet 3 inches thick. Locally two thin binders are 


yresent, otherwise the coal is clean. The coal is 3 feet thick at 


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Nichola, and 3 feet 4 inches thick at Worthington. ‘The bed averages 
& feet thick in the townships west of the Allegheny, and south and 
west of Kittanning and is very regular. The coal is generally clean, 
but locally has two or three thin bone partings and pyrite lenses. 
Locally, 3 or 4 inches of the bottom coal is too dirty to be mined 
profitably. 


The coal has been eroded in large areas in the northeastern 
townships. In the southern part of Madison township and in Pine town- 
Ship the coal is locally 5 feet 4 inches thick. It is lenticular, 
but will average 3 feet thick; a local band of pyrite, from 1 to 2 
inches thick increases the sulphur content. The coal is very persis- 
tent and regular in thickness in Mahoning and Red Bank townships, 
ranging from 3 feet to 4 feet 4 inches, and averaging about 3 feet 4 
inches thick. locally there are one or two thin bone binders in 
addition to a 3 inch tone parting 8 inches from the bottom. In a few 
mines there are 4 to 6 inches of bone coal at th top of the bed. 
North of Deanville the Upper Freeport is 4 feet 4 inches thick, in- 
cluding 1 to 2 inches of bone coal at the top, and a thin parting le 
inches above the bottom; at Seminole, 3 feet 8 inches thick, ‘including 
two 1 inch bone partings near the bottom; at South Bethlehem, 4 feet 
thick, It was once coked at Mahoning Furnace where it is 3 feet ll 
inches thick. The coke was too tender for shipment. At McWilliams 
the bed is 4 feet l inch thick, not including 6 or 8 inches of bone 
coal at the top of the bed. 


On Allegheny River in Boggs township the Upper Freeport coal 
averages 2 feet 8 inches thick and is free from partings and binders. 
Pyrite lenses are numerous in some places. The coal thickens east- 
ward into Wayne township, averaging 3 feet 4 inches, Two miles east 
of Goheenville the coal is 3 feet 8 inches thick, with no partings, 
but high in sulphur. At McCrea Furnace it is 4 feet thick, including 
a thin parting near the middle of the bed. The coal is confined to 
isolated patches on the highest hilltops on the headwaters of Pine 
Creek. On a‘high knob one mile east of Muff, the coal is 4 feet 4 
inches thick, separated into two benches by al inch pyrite binder in 
the middle of the bed. The top coal is dirty, The coal is 3 feet 4 
inches thick where mined at Dayton including a $ inch parting of t one 
20al and pyrite near the middle. The coal thickens to 4 feet 4 
inecles between Dayton‘and Echo, tut is very dirty. At Echo the bec ic 
4 feet 2 inchs thick, with at to 2 inch bone coal parting 4 to 10 
inches from the bottom. The bed is also bony at the top. 


In Cowanshannock township the bed is extremely variable in 
thickness, At Sagamore it measures 6 feet including a 6 inch bone 
parting near the middle, a 1 inch shale parting near the bottom, two 
pyrite bands and 5 incls of bony coal at the top of the bed. At 
Yatesboro the bed is ‘4 feet 2 inches thick, including 6 inches of 
bony coal at the top, and a $ to 2 inch bone parting 4 to 8 inches 
from the bottom. 


In Rayburn and Valley townships the Upper Freeport averages 2 
feet 8 inches thick, and carries no distinct impurities except local 
lenses of pyrite. On Garrett Run and in Kittanning and Manor town- 
ships the coal thickens locally to 6 feet 6 inches, including five 
thin partings. 


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The average thickness is less than ’3 feet. One mile north of Heilman 
the coal is 3 feet 1l inches thick, with 9 inches of bone at the top. 
Half a mile east of McNees the bed is 3 feet 8 inches thick including 
several small clay partings. Half a mile east of Blanket Hill the 


coal thins to 2 feet under a heavy sandstone. 


The Upper Freeport coal averages over 3 feet thick in Manor; 
Bethsl, Gilpin‘and Parks townships. It ranges from 2 feet to 4 fect 
S inchs thick, including local partings of bone and pyrite which are 
6 inches thick in places. A few inches of bone coal at the top is 
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In the southeastern townships the Upper Freeport coal has great 


importance. It ranges from 2 feet 6 inches to 5 feet thick in Kiskim- 


initas township and averages about 3 feet 9 inches. Small persistent 
bone partings lessen its value. At Apollo it is divided into two 
benches by a 1 to 2 inch bone parting. The upper bench is 2 feet 4 
inches to 3 feet thick; the lower one 12 to 18 inches thick. The 
upper bench is good clean coal, but the lower one is dirty. The bed 
is persistently 4 feet thick on Roaring Run, and carries a small part- 
ing, usually not more than 1 inch thick, The bed is 7 feet‘2 inches 
thick on Long Run, but has two partings, one 2 inches thick, and the 
Other 18 inches. 


The coal averages about 3 feet thick in South Bend, Burrell and 
Plumereek townships, and is an important coal on Crooked and Plum 
Greeks. The bed is seldom free from partings of bone and sulphur, 
"yi some places the top of the bed is bony. 


The Upper Freeport coal in Armstrong County is one of the largest 
reserves of high volatile coal;in the State, Large areas have not 
been mined, and:some are not as yet prospected. With improved 
methods of picking and washing the coal, Armstrong County will becom: 
the center of gas coal production in the State. 


The composition of the Upper Freeport coal is as follows: 


Per cent 
Range Average 


Volatile matter - - - - - 33-36 34 
Fixed carbon -=- - - = = 52-57 54 
Ash - = - = = - == == - 5-12 7 
Sulphur - - - +--+ - - -- 1-4 ae E 


The coal is soft, friable, brilliant in lustre, and breaks up when 


mined, - 


Mahoning Coal. The Mahoning coal lies about 50 feet above the 
Upper Freeport. It has a maximum thickness of 3 feet on Cherry Run. 
Itiis 18 inches thick on Crooked Creek, but has never been mined, . 


. Brush Creek Coal. This bed, lying about 90 feet above the 
Uprer Freeport coal, is persistent in the area west of Allegheny 
River where it averages about 15 inches thick. Near Worthington i% 


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is 2 feet thick. On Crooked Creek the bed is locally 2 feet 6 inches 
thick, but very lenticular. It has @ reported thickness of 2 feet 6 
inches on the headwaters of Hays Run, in Rayburn tovmship. It has 
been opened near the headwaters of Cowanshamnock Creek east of Rural 
Valley, and has a reported thickness of 20 inches. 


akerstown Coal. This bed lies about 160 feet above the Upper 
Freeport coal. 1tvs outcrop has been noticed at many places in the 
county, but it will not average over 20 inches thick. It is reported 
to be locally 4 feet thick on Crooked Creek, It has never been mined, 


Pittsburgh Coal. This bed lies about 650 feet above the Upper 
Freenort coal. Its occurrence is restricted to the highland on the 
southeastem border of the county in Kiskiminitas and South Bend _ 
townships, and is part of the most northern area of Pittsburgh coal 
in th State. The coal is slaty in some places and has imny partings, 
in others it is clean and almost unbroken. It ranges from 6 to 10 
feet in thickness, including its partings and roof coal. The roof 
coal is impure and is‘not mined. The lower division of the bad 
averages 7 feet thick, but the coal is pyritous and slaty. The im- 
purities increase to the southwest. The coal is hard, mines out in 
cubical blocks, ad stands transportation better than the soft Pree- 
port coals. At Hicksville the lower division is 6 feet 10 inches 
thick, including a 2 inch shale parting; 2 feet 6 inches from the 
bottom, On Long Run it is 8 fect thick, but carries three thick 
Shale partings. On Big Run it is 8 feet thick, including a 12 inch 
Shale parting 5 feet from the bottom. On the headwaters of Harper 
Run the lower division is 8 feet 10 inehes thick, including a 6 inch 
Shale parting 2 fect 4 inches from the bottom. The coal has numerous 
small "knife blades" of pyrite scattered through it. The coal be- 
longs to the high volatile class. Its volatile matter averages 33,5 
per cent; its fixed carbon 56 per cent; ash 9 per cent; and sulphur 
3 per cent. 


Redstone Coal. The Redstone coal underlies a small area in 
the eastern part of South Bend and Kiskiminitas townships. It is 
about 40 feet above the Pittsburgh coal, The bed averages 15 inches 
tiick, is very lenticular, and has not been mined anywhere in the 
COUNTY « 


Sewieckloy Coal. The Sewickley coal is present only in the 
highest hilltops in easterm South Bend and Kiskiminitas townships. 
It lies 120 feet above the Pittsburgh, and varies from 12 inches to 
5 feet thick, averaging less than 3 feet. The bed is much parted by 
bone and Shale, making mining unprofitable. 


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